Ramachandran (A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness), director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at UCSD, explores why humans, who are "anatomically, neurologically and genetically, physiologically apes," are not "merely" apes. While animals can communicate with sound and gesture, and chimpanzees can even use words to express immediate needs, humans have developed the ability to speak in structurally complex sentences, and often speak in metaphor. Ramachandran speculates that, as we can map another’s actions and intuit their thoughts, we also map our own sensory apparatus, perceiving our surroundings—and perceiving ourselves perceiving our surroundings. We imagine the future and speculate about the past and seek to understand our place in the universe, laying the foundation for our the sense of free will; we not only envisage future actions, but are aware of their potential consequences and the responsibility for our choices. Richard Dawkins has called Ramachandran "the Marco Polo of neuroscience," and with good reason. He offers a fascinating explanation of cutting-edge-neurological research that deepens our understanding of the relationship between the perceptions of the mind and the workings of the brain. (Jan.)

"A masterpiece. The best of its kind and beautifully crafted. Alluring story telling, building to a penetrating understanding of what it is to be uniquely human. Ramachandran is the foremost pioneer—the Galileo—of neurocognition."

"[Ramachandran] skillfully walks the line between intriguing storytelling and detailed science in these readable tales of unusual patients."

"Ramachandran has written an astonishing book. His humanity, humor and scientific genius inform every passage. The Tell-Tale Brain is a veritable Voyage of the Beagle through the terrain of brain science and psychology."

"Provocative…an entertaining read."

"Ramachandran is the modern wizard of neuroscience. In The Tell-Tale Brain, we see the genius at work, tackling extraordinary cases, many of which mark turning points in neuroscientific knowledge. We see him hypothesizing, experimenting, failing, having epiphanies, experimenting, succeeding. In this utterly entertaining account, we see how these fascinating cases fit together, and how he uses them to explain, from a Darwinian point of view, how our brains, though evolved from  those of other animals, become neurologically distinct and fundamentally human."

"No one is better than V. S. Ramachandran at combining minute, careful observation with ingenious experiments and bold, adventurous theorizing. The Tell-Tale Brain is Ramachandran at his best, a profoundly intriguing and compelling guide to the intricacies of the human brain."

"[Ramachandran] has done as much as anyone to reveal the workings of the mind through the malfunctions of the brain."

"Remarkably clear and engaging."

"Starred Review. A physician (like Oliver Sacks, a neurologist) as well as a researcher, Ramachandran uses his neurology patients’ predicaments to inspire inquiries into how we see and know, the origins of language, the mental basis of civilization, how we conceive of and assess art, and how the self is constructed. Always careful to point out when he is speculating rather than announcing research findings, he is also prompt to emphasize why his speculations, or theories, are not just of the armchair variety but can be put to the test because of what neuroscience has already discovered about the active structures of the human brain."

"Ramachandran produces an exhilarating and at times funny text that invites discussion and experimentation." ---Kirkus

With arguably less name recognition than Oliver Sacks (The Mind's Eye, etc.), neurologist Ramachandran (A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness) covers similar ground for a similar audience, seeking to explain how a normal human brain works by studying individuals with unusual neurological problems. His strength is in constructing relatively simple experiments in order to test his ideas and theories about complex perceptual and behavioral abnormalities. Actor/narrator David Drummond presents the material with much more verve than one might expect from such a specialized and technical topic. Illustrations and figures from the text are retrievable as "bonus material" from the audio CDs. An appealing exploration of a fascinating subject; recommended wherever Sacks does well. [See Prepub Alert, LJ 9/1/10; the Norton pb will be released in March 2012.—Ed.]—Kristen L. Smith, Loras Coll. Lib., Dubuque, IA

In his introduction, Professor Ramachandran states that he wrote his book for general readers, but its concepts and vocabulary belie his claim. Listeners must be ready to absorb terms like “somatoparaphrenia,” “synesthesia,” and “echopraxia.” The print version has lots of diagrams to explain neuroanatomy and mental mechanisms, but they were all sacrificed in the transition to audio, leaving listeners to imagine, for example, where the brain’s primary somatosensory cortex might be. Narrator David Drummond has complete mastery of the neuroscience lexicon, never fluffing the pronunciation of a single complex structure or concept. He speaks American English, with occasional snippets of British. Drummond minimizes the author’s dry humor: “The average human operates with a vocabulary of 10,000 words, except surfers.” J.A.H. © AudioFile 2011, Portland, Maine

Ramachandran (Psychology and Neurosciences/Univ. of California, San Diego; A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness, 2005, etc.) sets his sights on explaining the neuroscience that underlies characteristics he considers unique to humans beings.

The author suggests that some 150,000 years ago, hominid brains underwent a "phase transition" (like water becoming ice), so that some brain centers expanded and developed new functions, leading to language, aesthetics, consciousness and self-awareness. Like Oliver Sacks, Ramachandran finds illumination in the analysis of patients with anomalous syndromes. Thus he begins with studies of phantom limbs and synesthesia, most commonly manifest as the condition in which individuals see specific colors associated with numbers or musical notes. The roster of syndromes grows to include language and memory disorders, cases in which a stroke patient denies the existence of a paralyzed limb, a patient recognizes his mother's face but says she is an impostor, or a patient who believes himself dead. Ramachandran's argues that the lesions in such patients disrupt specific sites in multi-branching pathways that create mismatches between sensory and motor areas, or between emotional and perceptual areas. In turn, the brain adapts, often making matters worse. Early on, the author introduces mirror neurons, which are abundant in human brains. These are cells that mimic the actions of another person as you watch, but are inhibited from executing the action. They are considered the source of empathy or "theory of mind" by which humans can read other's intentions. Ramachandran invokes mirror neurons as essential for social learning, language and cultural transmission. For the most part, the author argues convincingly, except where he defines aesthetic principles, which seem no more than a rehash of old Gestalt ideas. Nor is it certain that all the traits he discusses are unique to humans.

Despite some minor flaws, Ramachandran produces an exhilarating and at times funny text that invites discussion and experimentation.